Video Surveillance
SightLogix Approach
Demonstration
Romanowich
N.J. Funding
Products
Entering the Market
References
It was
June 2002, nine months after 9/11, and
John Romanowich was walking Ground Zero
with Keith Hanna, a colleague from
Sarnoff Corporation. They had been
invited by the Port Authority of New
York and New Jersey (www.panynj.gov)
to discuss the possibility of using
automated video surveillance to protect
the World Trade Center site. "The area
was completely excavated," says
Romanowich, "and was effectively a
crater in the ground. All the security
at the site was from roving patrols."
Yet
Romanowich saw that automated
surveillance technology simply was not
up to the challenge. The site was both a
crime scene and an active construction
site: "The infrastructure for us to work
with was minimal," he says, "even though
we were in the center of one of the most
powerful cities in the nation." In
particular, it just would not be
feasible to install fixed cameras on the
temporary fences, then run the necessary
cabling throughout the site, much less
install the required supporting computer
equipment in the temporary trailers in
use on the site.
"To my
tremendous frustration," says Romanowich,
"as I walked around this facility with
some of the world's leading experts,
both from Sarnoff and from other
companies, we realized that this could
not be done. And to this day it has not
been done."
Out of
that frustration came the foundations of
Romanowich's new business. Five years
later, in November 2006, Romanowich saw
his vision come to fruition when his new
Princeton-based company, SightLogix,
Inc. (www.sightlogix.com),
held the first public demonstration of
its intelligent video surveillance
system -- specifically designed for
protecting this kind of critical outdoor
infrastructure.
The
demonstration was held at the Conference
Center of the New Jersey Hospital
Association facility in Princeton, New
Jersey, with one live camera watching
the front lawn of the campus, and a
second positioned across the street to
monitor traffic along a driveway and
parking lot.
SightLogix public demonstration,
November 2006 in Princeton, New
Jersey.
At the
demo, Larry Barfield, vice president of
government programs at SightLogix,
explained the attributes of the kinds of
critical infrastructure locations that
the company is targeting, from
landmarks, to chemical and utility
plants, to airports, to the nation's
borders: "They all have several things
in common. They have perimeters of
varying shapes and sizes, typically
dispersed and remote. They also
typically have a lack of infrastructure
located nearby for supporting
communications and power. And they are
all at the mercy of the outdoor
environment."
The
traditional solution for protecting an
outdoor site, as at the World Trade
Center, is to employ a large staff of
guards to patrol around the clock. But
this is expensive, and still leaves
areas unwatched after the guards pass by
on their rounds. And while maintaining
this kind of staffing might be possible
for a major central site, it just is not
feasible for guarding remote locations
or long borders.
Video-based surveillance would seem to
offer a better solution: set up cameras
to watch along each section of the site,
and then feed the signals back into a
control room to a wall of displays. A
small staff then can watch the displays
to look for unexpected activity.
However, this task is not well matched
to us humans -- Nobody can continually
watch a bank of monitors with unflagging
alertness for hours and hours, much less
24/7.
Thus the
attraction of "intelligent" video
surveillance -- to have a computer
monitor the camera feeds, and generate
alerts when it detects moving objects or
other changes. This might seem to be a
great choice for security monitoring,
and in fact, says Barfield, "a number of
organizations have actually tried that
over the past few years." But he says,
"intelligent video, as compared to
indoor locations, has had less than
stellar success in the outdoor world."
(Barfield speaks from the experience of
having most recently directed the
security operations for all U.S. Marine
Corps bases in Washington, D.C.,
including Presidential support
facilities.)
In fact,
it is very difficult to program
computers to come anywhere near the
natural ability of humans to detect and
really understand possible threats in a
scene, particularly in a busy and
uncontrolled outdoor environment.
Imagine a very busy outdoor scene --
with grass blowing and foliage waving in
the wind, flying leaves or rain or snow,
dramatic lighting changes from clouds
passing overhead, and even ocean waves
crashing in the distance. Even with all
this activity, the human eye and brain
still can instinctively ignore the
background noise and immediately focus
in on the motion of an unwanted
intruder.
However,
computers only can detect the changes
from one video frame to the next, and
don't "understand" the larger context of
grass and trees and waves. The motion of
a large branch, or the sun coming out
and throwing a sharp shadow, can appear
as a large moving object in the scene
and set off an alarm. Or a near-by
running animal can appear bigger and
much more threatening than a human
sneaking slowly closer in the distance.
As a
result, today's video surveillance
systems are better suited to indoor
environments, with steady controlled
lighting and, even better, areas with no
activity -- such as monitoring emergency
exit doors. Otherwise, they can generate
large numbers of false and nuisance
alarms.
"Even best
in class systems can have eight false
alarms per camera per day," says
Romanowich, "which is totally
unacceptable. The promise was better
security and reducing your operating
budget, when in fact they provide
marginal advances to the security while
shifting the operating budget -- to IT
services and additional staff to chase
false alarms."
In
addition, installing this kind of video
surveillance system for a large
enterprise with tens or hundreds of
cameras can impose huge logistical
problems and costs. "Typically on the
projects that I've been associated
with," says Barfield, "the
infrastructure can be up to 50 percent
or greater of the overall cost of the
project. Intelligent video was not
necessarily an attractive economic way
of solving the problem."
First, you
need to install the cameras, which
requires installing strong poles to keep
the cameras steady in winds, plus
digging trenches to run power and video
cables. Then you need to run all those
cables back to the guard room, and to
the computers. However, this kind of
computer vision processing is very
processor-intensive, requiring more and
more computers as you add additional
cameras -- typical systems can handle
only four to sixteen video feeds per
server.
(One
partial solution is to transmit the
video in compressed digital format at
lower resolution, which does reduce
communications bandwidth and processing
requirements, but also degrades the
quality of the video and therefore
lowers the sensitivity of the analysis
-- requiring more cameras and increasing
nuisance alarms.)
As a
result, what might have begun as a
project to deploy security cameras can
turn into a large construction project,
plus a major IT development effort to
design and build a computer center and
associated infrastructure (including
cooling and backup power, and 24/7
support). Again, while this approach may
be possible for a major facility, it
does not scale well to hundreds of
cameras, much less thousands, it is not
feasible for remote locations, and it
does not support rapid deployment of
systems to protect new or temporary
sites.
So as John
Romanowich walked Ground Zero, he saw
that the current intelligent video
surveillance systems simply were not up
to the task of protecting the site. It
just would not be feasible to set up the
necessary infrastructure and wiring and
IT systems in an active construction
zone, much less be constantly
reconfiguring the cameras as work
progressed.
Instead,
Romanowich envisioned a totally
different approach, what became the
SightLogix system, explicitly designed
for surveillance of critical
infrastructure in an uncontrolled
outdoor environment.
His vision
was to leverage today's smaller and more
powerful processors by building the
intelligence into the camera itself.
While the resulting camera unit is more
expensive, the overall system cost is
substantially less -- providing
significant savings by eliminating the
cost of building a computer facility to
do the video analysis, as well as the
associated ongoing maintenance and
support.
And this
integrated approach has additional
benefits: Since the processing is done
directly in the camera before any video
compression, it has access to the
full-quality video image, resulting in
more accurate results over a longer
range -- reducing costs since fewer
cameras are required to cover a
perimeter. And since the camera is
self-contained, it can be totally
mobile, powered by solar panels and
transmitting information and associated
videos wirelessly -- making it possible
to rapidly deploy to new locations and
easy to re-configure the security at an
existing site.
As a
result, says Romanowich, "the capital
equipment and maintenance and operation
budget is significantly less." The
initial capital expense can be a third
that of the competition: "One recently
installed system was under $80,000 for
the installed cost, and the competition
was $125,000. So ultimately we covered
four times the area, and at only two
thirds the cost."
While
SightLogix has been demonstrating its
system at trade shows and to individual
customers, the November event was the
first live public demonstration of the
system in action. The event was attended
by potential government and military
customers including the Department of
Homeland Security, Marine Corps, and
Army Night Vision Labs, as well as
representatives from the offices of New
Jersey Congressman Rush Holt and Senator
Frank Lautenberg.
For the
demonstration, one SightLogix camera
system was positioned close to the
building to monitor the building
entrance and lawn. A second camera was
placed across the street watching the
driveway of the office complex where the
SightLogix office is located.
But the
key point was that these were not
permanent installations -- there was no
installation, no infrastructure, and no
cabling. The cameras were mounted on
portable trailers, positioned on
retractable posts, transmitting alerts
and video wirelessly to the demo
display, and even self-powered with
solar panels and batteries. (A third
camera mounted on the roof of the
SightLogix building was also
transmitting to the demonstration room
over a cellular network.)
SightLogix camera mounted on a
portable trailer, raised on a
retractable post, and self-powered
with solar panels and batteries.
The
resulting feeds were projected on two
displays at the front of the room. The
left screen displayed the live feeds and
alarm alerts from the two cameras using
a third-party command and control
system. Since the SightLogix system
supports industry-standard MPEG-4 video
format for video and standard alarm
management protocols for the associated
surveillance information, it can be
plugged right in to security operations
systems that customers already have
installed. "It has to fit in to the
existing security infrastructure and IT
framework," says Romanowich, "and
interoperate with all systems that might
need it."
The
left display showed live feeds from
two different cameras in a
third-party command and control
system. Each camera is transmitting
both the original raw video and
processed video with alarm overlays.
The first visible light camera (top)
is monitoring the field in front of
the facility. The second camera with
an IR thermal imager (bottom) is
positioned across the street to
monitor the driveway entrance.
The second
screen displayed the SightLogix
Coordination System software for camera
configuration, and for stand-alone
coordinated display of information back
on a geo-registered site map -- telling
you the two things you need to know: the
location of an intruder, and its
properties (size, speed, temperature,
etc.).
The
right display showed the SightLogix
Coordination System software for
camera configuration and display,
showing a geo-registered overhead
map of the area, with the camera
position and field of view
superimposed as a red triangle. The
camera view allows the user to
define alarm regions and associated
policy rules for generating alerts.
Barfield
first showed how to quickly configure
the system when a camera is initially
placed on a site, setting its position
and orientation by clicking on an
overhead view of the scene (i.e., a
Google Map) so the camera can report the
GPS coordinates of an intruder in real
time. This is a much easier calibration
process than has been traditionally
required. "You are no longer required to
have somebody go out into the field and
have a GPS locator to locate
themselves," says Barfield. "You can do
it all from the interface."
Next,
Barfield configured the alarm and
display options for the camera. The
SightLogix camera actually can be
configured to provide up to two video
feeds, with options to control the video
bandwidth and overlay information. For
the demo, the first feed was the raw
video from the camera, and the second
was processed to stabilize the image
(remove shaking from wind) and to
indicate detected objects by outlining
them with a box and drawing a short
motion trail behind them.
The camera
watching the front lawn had a wide field
of view, with the ability to detect
pedestrians out to about 100 meters and
vehicles to about 200 meters. Since no
one was interested in continuous alarms
as traffic drove by on the road in the
distance, Barfield clicked on the
display to draw an alarm region that
excluded the road. The system supports
setting policies for different regions:
active, ignore, or to use more
complicated rules, such as alarming only
when detecting objects of specific
sizes, speeds, and/or temperature (with
a thermal camera). "Boats exhibit a
completely different temperature profile
than the water itself," says Barfield.
"And tumbleweeds are not 98 degrees like
humans."
Policies
can be more complex, such as alarming
only when an object moves from one
region to another. And they can be
changed, for example from day to night
or for a new threat level. Even better,
the regions and rules are associated
with the location, not the camera view,
so the cameras can be repositioned
without having to re-define all the
monitoring information.
The demo
proceeded by having a subject walk
across the expanse of the lawn, moving
from close to far, slow and fast and
stopped, and from bright sun to deep
shade (which was difficult to see with
the naked eye). The SightLogix system
successfully tracked the subject, as
well as occasional cars that drove along
the driveway on the left side, while
ignoring large shadows from overhanging
trees. Barfield asked the audience for
suggestions, and they had the subject
move off to the side and then walk back
very slowly into the camera view. The
system alerted very quickly -- before
most of the audience had noticed the
subject's leg coming into the view.
The second
camera monitoring the driveway across
the street took advantage of the
SightLogix option to provide cameras
with an IR (thermal) imager that detects
heat. These work well in the daytime,
but are especially useful for night
viewing in locations without additional
lighting. During the entire
demonstration event, the camera was
successfully detecting and tracking both
cars and pedestrians coming in and out
of the driveway, sometimes up to four
cars at a time.
Barfield
then had another test subject walk down
the sidewalk to the left of the
driveway, though a more complex
background, under branches, behind light
poles, and then further and further into
the distance, to about 300 meters from
the camera. The system tracked the
subject all the way, and until they were
so far away that the human eye had
trouble noticing them at all.
"The
SightLogix architecture allows a 3X
range advantage over comparable
intelligent video systems using similar
optics," says Barfield. "The performance
advantage can easily translate into
reduced equipment costs." Adds
Romanowich, "The competition does
hundreds of feet at best with a
wide-angle lens, and we do hundreds of
meters."
Not bad
for a wireless camera on a stick. The
camera is rugged, designed to operate in
temperature environments from -30 to
+60C, and nitrogen purged to ensure
humidity control (with sensors to
monitor these conditions). It can
communicate securely (with
standards-based encryption) using
wireless (802.11), cellular, and SATCOM
-- using low bandwidth mediums without
sacrificing quality, since the analysis
is performed in the camera and not on
the output video. And it runs on low
power, so it is feasible to operate with
solar power.
"Everything that was demonstrated live
was performed using wireless devices,"
says Barfield, "with cellular for
communications and solar for power. By
developing an architecture that enables
wireless and solar, SightLogix has
brought intelligent video surveillance
to the world of mobility."
SightLogix
seems the natural evolution of
Romanowich's experience with camera
designs since college. "I was seeing all
these technologies evolving," he says,
"and trying to see how they come
together."
Romanowich,
who grew up in Paramus, New Jersey, has
always been fascinated by electronics
and how things work. His father, a
dental technician, had him playing with
electronics at around age five or six.
"I loved it, winding electromagnets,
building buzzers, crystal radios, and
ham radio."
Romanowich
started working with camera systems when
he studied engineering at the New Jersey
Institute of Technology (www.njit.edu),
earning a BSEE in computer architecture
in 1987 and a MSEE in optical
electronics in 1998. "I liked
engineering," he says. "In high school I
was already working three jobs, at a
restaurant, fixing lawnmowers, and for
my electronics teacher's small company.
But at NJIT I started to get more
serious."
Romanowich
earned a full fellowship from NJIT for
his master's thesis, and worked on opto-electronics
and IR cameras at Sarnoff Corporation (www.sarnoff.com)
under Walter Kosonocky, an IEEE Fellow
and a key figure in the development of
CCDs, especially for visible and
infrared imaging (with 69 patents in
solid state electronics). "This area is
a center of excellence for camera
technology and imaging," says Romanowich.
"It's rather unique; there are not many
places like this except a couple
locations in Silicon Valley."
After
graduation in from NJIT 1988, Romanowich
joined IBM as an engineer in Fishkill,
New York, working on projects including
machine vision inspection systems. "They
had the most interesting work," he says,
"collaborating with the Watson Labs." He
was also accepted to Columbia to start
working on a Ph.D. "I wanted to start my
own business," he says. "I never saw
myself as an employee."
So he also
began working on his own. "I started the
business on the side," he said, "and was
making more money so I decided to quit.
The Ph.D. was going to take five years
and I could start a business in the same
amount of time." In 1990, Romanowich
left IBM and formed his own company,
Synthesis Electronics, to provide
engineering consulting and services.
Romanowich
began working with the Electrical Power
Research Institute making advanced
products for utilities, including
"high-voltage circuit breaker monitoring
diagnostics, to reduce safety risk."
Later, he returned to school part-time
in the MBA program at the Rutgers School
of Management. "I was doing the Rutgers
MBA at night with one class a semester.
I got about one third done, but then I
quit [when starting SightLogix] because
I could not take money from investors
and not be fully focused on the
business."
Much of
Romanowich's business was with Sarnoff
and its clients. He worked on chip
designs for "exotic cameras," including
infrared vision cameras for the White
Sands Missile Range that were used on
the Space Shuttle. He also helped
develop a powerful video supercomputer
for the Sarnoff Real-Time Corporation
spin-off (SRTC, which became DIVA), and
helped found Sarnoff's Pyramid Vision
Technologies internal venture in 1997 to
productize computer vision technology (www.pyramidvision.com).
He also consulted for companies
including Intel Corporation, Samsung,
and Sensors Unlimited.
In 1999,
Romanowich founded a new company, Home
Animation, Inc. to provide wiring and
media design and installation services
to new home buyers -- hooking up phone,
networks, and audio / video, especially
for home theaters. But this was totally
opposite from an engineering business --
labor-intensive, and requiring a lot of
hand-holding of new homeowners -- so
Romanowich eventually got out of the
business.
Then in
late 2001 Romanowich was asked back to
serve as executive director of Sarnoff's
Pyramid Vision Technologies venture,
which was developing smart video
surveillance systems for customers
including the military. In his two years
on the job, Romanowich resolved yield
problems by organizing the supply chain
and helped triple sales to $5 million by
using client input to improve products.
The PVT video security products were
eventually sold off by Sarnoff to L-3
Communications in December 2004.
Through
this period, Romanowich was looking for
other business opportunities, and
meeting other local technologists who
could contribute to making them happen.
He became involved in the Princeton
entrepreneur community through
organizations like the New Jersey
Technology Council (www.njtc.org),
where he served as chairman of the NJTC
Marketing and Sales Network. And he was
named by NJBIZ to its "Forty under 40"
list in March 2003.
Romanowich
also joined with Steven Georges, another
local entrepreneur with Princeton Server
Group (www.princetonservergroup.com),
to pick up on the challenge of Rush
Holt's "Einstein's Alley" initiative (http://holt.house.gov/EinsteinsAlley.shtml)
by founding a local group to network
with other entrepreneurs. This would
also directly benefit his new company.
"We got out a lot of resources out of
it," he says, "including several
employees."
Romanowich
began focusing on the SightLogix concept
with an informal circle of advisors in
October 2003, developing the business
plan and formalizing the company with
partners including James Hahn and Eric
Schwab.
"My
previous ventures were basement
operations," he says, "and I realized I
needed some real talent, so I reached
out my friend Jim Hahn to help." Both
Romanowich and Hahn were investors in
the New Jersey Technology Council
Venture Fund (www.njtcvc.com).
Hahn brought experience from founding
four start-up companies and was the
first investor. He had taken a previous
company, Infotron Systems, "from an
actual basement to an IPO, with five
international divisions and 1400
employees." Hahn now serves as chairman
of SightLogix and focuses full-time on
the company.
Schwab had
known Romanowich since NJIT in 1984, and
brought experience in product
development, manufacturing, and outdoor
packaging from positions at AT&T Bell
Labs / Lucent.
The final
founder was Danny Chin, who holds 28
patents in video processing. Romanowich
had worked for Chin at Sarnoff's SRTC
(then DIVA) venture, where Chin was a
cofounder and eventually director of
advanced development. Romanowich says he
invited Chin over to hear the company
story, and "he joined the same night,"
becoming vice president of engineering.
The
company was formally founded as
Automated Threat Detection (the
predecessor company to SightLogix) in
March 2004, with Romanowich as president
and CEO. They already had been raising
money from "visionary private
individuals," and the company received
$250,000 in matching "Springboard"
funding from the New Jersey Economic
Development Authority (www.njeda.com),
for an initial seed funding round of
$900,000.
"The
requirements of the Springboard funding
accelerated our fundraising," says
Romanowich. "We had a complete business
plan already submitted to the EDA."
As it
became more established, SightLogix
received an additional $750,000 in "Techniuum"
funding from the EDA in July 2006 (www.njedatechniuum.com).
And it has taken advantage of the EDA
tax transfer credit program, selling
state tax losses to receive $240,000
from 2005 and 2006. "The EDA did a good
job," says Romanowich. "They have helped
us grow our staff over 50 percent in the
past six months."
"New
Jersey is smart," says Romanowich, "They
are putting their money where their
mouth is, and they're stepping up to
make a difference on the world stage.
This technology was developed in the
state, and I was educated in the state,
and there's all the video-centric talent
here that would be going away otherwise.
Because of the resident skill base we
know exactly where the best talent is,
and how to attract it."
Meanwhile,
the technical challenge for SightLogix
was to develop a complete camera system
that would meet the needs of the market
-- not just security software, but the
entire architecture, including the
integrated camera and processing
hardware. This required parallel paths
of marketing and development while
refining the concept. "We did a hundred
interviews," says Romanowich, "with
end-users and market channels. It was
too early for them to understand what we
were trying to do, so we asked
open-ended questions. We wanted to
establish the underlining architecture,
performance, and price points."
The result
of this technical and marketing work was
a clear picture of the intended product,
including a 100-page market requirements
document and an engineering design
document.
In
February 2006, SightLogix expanded from
incubator space on the Princeton
Forrestal campus to its current location
on Alexander Road. "We're growing fast,"
says Romanowich. "There is real talent
chasing us in this area."
"John has
been able to attract top talent from
both commercial and government,
technology and market," says Hahn. "We
have leading technologists and major
government influencers on the team. It's
a strong team, with the company culture
built around John."
One such
addition was Larry Barfield, who joined
as vice president of government
programs. Barfield has a military and
government background, doing high-tech
security since 1990, and most recently
running a test lab for the Marine Corps.
"My role was to vet out cutting edge
technology," he says. "We had to see
what was out in the market and bring
them in and kick them around. We would
actually install them, and bring them
into the field for additional
deployment. Some did not make it out of
the lab. The ones that did were
installed and had their own sets of
problems."
Barfield
was introduced to Romanowich and
SightLogix in February 2006 by BAE
Systems, a major government contractor
and systems integrator that SightLogix
had already been working for the past
year. "It was such a compelling shift,"
says Barfield. "At that point I was ripe
for generation three. It was very, very
clear to me that what John and his team
have put together here was light years
ahead of what was available. So I wanted
to actually go along for the ride."
SightLogix
needs to develop these connections
because the system is not sold directly.
Instead it is distributed though system
integrators, who win the contracts for
installation of security systems for
major government and commercial sites.
"They include our product and expertise
into a larger security system," says
Romanowich, "which is validating our
technology as something that has not
been achieved to date."
SightLogix
has been selling its system for
evaluation since June 2006, and it
already has been included in bids for
major projects. Romanowich sees multiple
opportunities that have the potential to
install "a couple hundred" cameras over
the next year, across multiple sites
with four to five cameras each.
"Our
product provides military level
performance at commercial price points,"
says Romanowich. "It has a global
ubiquitous market for commercial and
government applications for outdoor
sites."
SightLogix
began previewing and test marketing its
system at security industry trade shows
in 2005. At the ASIS International
conference (originally the American
Society for Industrial Security,
www.asisonline.org) in San Diego in
September 2005, says Romanowich, "We
showed the architecture, and people
understood. They were surprised as well,
saying 'you solve the problems where
current systems do not work.'"
Then by
April 2006 at the ISC West conference in
Las Vegas (International Security
Conference,
www.iscwest.com), SightLogix was
able to demonstrate a fully functional
product prototype. "We talked to
integrators -- people who could design
the camera into systems -- for early
beta testing," says Romanowich. "We now
could take orders."
But it was
back at ASIS International in September
2006 that SightLogix received a major
coup, being chosen to exhibit in the
Lockheed Martin booth.
"They
selected only five vendors to be there,"
says Barfield. "It's a sought-after
position -- people look to Lockheed, and
we were right smack in the middle of the
booth. Lockheed brings in cutting edge
technology that could solve their
end-user problems, in areas including
wireless, access control, analytics, and
alarm management and display."
Larry
Barfield (left) and John Romanowich
(right) with the SightLogix system
in the Lockheed Martin booth at the
ASIS International conference in
September 2006.
"Lockheed
is the largest contractor worldwide, and
they see us as a leading technology of
the future," says Romanowich. "It brings
credit to them as bringing the right
innovations to their customer base."
"Physical
and cyber security have converged," says
Romanowich, "with global interest. It's
a $10 billion plus market. Companies
like IBM and Cisco have jumped on the
bandwagon, and we are well positioned to
be working with these guys. This is the
next major wave, and the magnitude
dwarfs what has come before it. "
And
SightLogix is positioned to catch that
wave. "We are just entering the market,"
says Hahn. "We have sold product. It is
installed and operating, and with happy
customers -- sites where other
competitors were kicked out [for not
performing]. And these are turning into
major rollouts."
"As we
move more into the market the product is
being very well accepted because of its
architecture and its capabilities," says
Romanowich. "Everybody who sees it sort
of falls in love with it. This is
especially true of the people who really
understand it -- we presented it to
somebody today, and before we finished
they said they wanted to invest. The
product makes so much sense in the way
that it does things, and the economic
proposition is so strong."
Ground
Zero - 9/11 References
Joel
Meyerowitz's Images from Ground Zero
www.911exhibit.com
Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11%2C_2001_attacks
Originally
published in the
U.S. 1 Newspaper, January 24, 2007.
